The Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) conjugate vaccine provides immunity to bacterial infections cause by the Haemophilus influenzae B bacteria. Examples of these infections are meningitis and epiglottitis.
Hepatitis B virus vaccine
The hepatitis B vaccine provides immunity against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) which can cause serious illness, especially chronic liver disease. Immunization for infants and young children is important because early infection with HBV greatly increases the likelihood that the virus will cause liver failure in adulthood. All mothers are tested for HBV at the time of giving birth. Babies whose mothers test positive for HBV must receive the first dose of vaccine at or immediately after birth. In addition, those babies receive a dose of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG), and receive the other two recommended doses of vaccine on an accelerated schedule.
Side effects. No serious adverse reactions are linked to the hepatitis B vaccine. The mild effects that may occur include fussiness, soreness, swelling, or redness at the site of the injection. These symptoms, when they occur,
Age
Recommended immunizations
Notes:
(1) Three HiB {Haemophilus influenzae type B) conjugate vaccines have been licensed in the United States for use with infants. There are slight variations in the recommended sequence of immunizations.
(2) In the United States, no routine immunization for tuberculoses is recommended. All children are tested for tuberculoses with a skin-prick test on the forearm, often through the schools. Children with positive skin test results are investigated further to determine whether treatment is required.
(3) The second MMR vaccine is recommended at either 4-6 years or 11-12 years; however, it may be administered anytime, provided one month has elapsed since the administration of the first dose.
(4) Children who have not been vaccinated previously and who lack a reliable history of chicken pox should be vaccinated by age 13. VZV can be administered anytime after 12 months of age; children under 13 years receive a single dose; persons 13 and older should receive two doses administered 4-8 weeks apart.
(5) Lifelong immunization to tetanus and diphtheria requires inoculations—so-called "booster shots"—of vaccine theoretically every 10 years. In practice, only the tetanus booster is routinely given because the risk of contracting tetanus is significant enough to warrant it. Diphtheria has been nearly eradicated in the United States, so boosters are only prescribed in communities where cases of diphtheria have been reported.
Adapted from Recommended Childhood Immunization Schedule, United States, January-June 1997, approved by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIPT), American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP).
4 months
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP) Polio (OPV or IPV)
Hepatitis B (HBV) Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) (1 )
6 months
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP)
Hepatitis B (HBV) Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB)
12-15 months
Haemophilus influenzae type B (HiB) Tuberculosis test (2)
12-18 months
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP)
Polio (OPV or IPV) Varicellazoster (chicken pox) vaccine (VZV)
15 months
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine Hepatitis B (HBV)
4-6 years
Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP)
Polio (OPV or IPV)
Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine (3)
12-14 years
Varicella zoster (chicken pox) vaccine (VZV) (4)
14-16 years
Tetanus-diphtheria booster (5)
begin within 24 hours of receiving the vaccine and are gone with 48-72 hours.
Author Info:
, Thomson Gale, Detroit,
1998
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